223,392 research outputs found
Field Equations and Equations of Motion in Post-Newtonian Approximation of the Projective Unified Field Theory
The equations of motion of gravitationally bound bodies are derived from
the field equations of Projective Unified Field Theory. The Newtonian and the
post-Newtonian approximations of the field equations and of the equations of
motion of this system of bodies are studied in detail. In analyzing some
experimental data we performed some numeric estimates of the ratio of the
inertial mass to the scalaric mass of matter.Comment: 17 page
Explainable Machine Learning for Categorical and Mixed Data with Lossless Visualization
Building accurate and interpretable Machine Learning (ML) models for
heterogeneous/mixed data is a long-standing challenge for algorithms designed
for numeric data. This work focuses on developing numeric coding schemes for
non-numeric attributes for ML algorithms to support accurate and explainable ML
models, methods for lossless visualization of n-D non-numeric categorical data
with visual rule discovery in these visualizations, and accurate and
explainable ML models for categorical data. This study proposes a
classification of mixed data types and analyzes their important role in Machine
Learning. It presents a toolkit for enforcing interpretability of all internal
operations of ML algorithms on mixed data with a visual data exploration on
mixed data. A new Sequential Rule Generation (SRG) algorithm for explainable
rule generation with categorical data is proposed and successfully evaluated in
multiple computational experiments. This work is one of the steps to the full
scope ML algorithms for mixed data supported by lossless visualization of n-D
data in General Line Coordinates beyond Parallel Coordinates.Comment: 46 pages, 32 figures, 29 tables. arXiv admin note: substantial text
overlap with arXiv:2206.0647
Effects of diagram format and user numeracy on understanding cash flow data
An issue of longstanding concern in accounting information systems is the effective presentation and communication of financial data to users with little accounting background. Cash flow statements in particular have been singled out as difficult to interpret. To increase user understanding of cash flow data, this study explores the potential merits of diagram formats, as well as possible effects of the user’s numeracy skills. The study covers an experiment (N = 100) in which users were queried on their understanding of the cash flows of a real-world company, and in which type of format was either a cash flow statement or a cash flow diagram. Understanding was measured by three different concepts: interpretation accuracy, company diagnosis, and clarity of presentation. The study confirms that, on those measures, diagrams do not necessarily outperform cash flow statements, and that format familiarity (irrespective of the type of format) is a key driver in understanding cash flows. In addition, the study finds that numeric preference, but not numeric ability, helps in understanding cash flow data. The study discusses the sobering implications for designers of accounting information systems
Analysis of Nitrogen Loading Reductions for Wastewater Treatment Facilities and Non-Point Sources in the Great Bay Estuary Watershed
In 2009, the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (DES) published a proposal for numeric nutrient criteria for the Great Bay Estuary. The report found that total nitrogen concentrations in most of the estuary needed to be less than 0.3 mg N/L to prevent loss of eelgrass habitat and less than 0.45 mg N/L to prevent occurrences of low dissolved oxygen. Based on these criteria and an analysis of a compilation of data from at least seven different sources, DES concluded that 11 of the 18 subestuaries in the Great Bay Estuary were impaired for nitrogen. Under the Clean Water Act, if a water body is determined to be impaired, a study must be completed to determine the existing loads of the pollutant and the load reductions that would be needed to meet the water quality standard. Therefore, DES developed models to determine existing nitrogen loads and nitrogen loading thresholds for the subestuaries to comply with the numeric nutrient criteria. DES also evaluated the effects of different permitting scenarios for wastewater treatment facilities on nitrogen loads and the costs for wastewater treatment facility upgrades. This modeling exercise showed that: Nitrogen loads to the Great Bay, Little Bay, and the Upper Piscataqua River need to be reduced by 30 to 45 percent to attain the numeric nutrient criteria. Both wastewater treatment facilities and non-point sources will need to reduce nitrogen loads to attain the numeric nutrient criteria. The percent reduction targets for nitrogen loads only change minimally between wet and dry years. Wastewater treatment facility upgrades to remove nitrogen will be costly; however, the average cost per pound of nitrogen removed from the estuary due to wastewater facility upgrades is lower than for non-point source controls. The permitting options for some wastewater treatment facilities will be limited by requirements to not increase pollutant loads to impaired waterbodies. The numeric nutrient criteria and models used by DES are sufficiently accurate for calculating nitrogen loading thresholds for the Great Bay watershed. Additional monitoring and modeling is needed to better characterize conditions and nitrogen loading thresholds for the Lower Piscataqua River. This nitrogen loading analysis for Great Bay may provide a framework for setting nitrogen permit limits for wastewater treatment facilities and developing watershed implementation plans to reduce nitrogen loads
I am pretty sure but not 100%: obtaining, interpreting and presenting eyewitness confidence statements
Eyewitness identification confidence is typically studied using scales (generally
numeric); in practice, eyewitnesses typically provide confidence in their own words.
Verbal and numeric confidence similarly predict accuracy, but verbal confidence is
difficult to interpret reliably (Mansour, 2020). To minimize miscommunication,
eyewitnesses could provide scale ratings after verbal judgements or vice versa, but we
do not know if the order in which such confidence statements are obtained affects the
confidence-accuracy relationship. I tested the utility of requesting both verbal and
numeric confidence and whether order effects exist. Participants (N = 198) viewed a
mock-crime video with two perpetrators. After a delay, they viewed two simultaneous
lineups with one perpetrator each and provided confidence for each perpetrator verbally
(in their own words) and then numerically (0-100%) or numerically and then verbally.
Numeric confidence in identifications was higher when provided first, t(393.82) = 2.40,
p = .02, d = 0.24. Confidence-accuracy characteristic (CAC) curve analysis indicates the
effect is driven by medium-confidence judgements (numeric range). No order effect was
found for verbal confidence (p = .32). However, for low and high numeric confidence,
verbal followed by numeric was better calibrated than numeric followed by verbal.
When the numeric judgement came first, none of the subsequent verbal judgements
could be categorized as high confidence using our coding scheme. These data provide
preliminary evidence that eyewitnesses should provide only a single confidence
judgement
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in cancer patients : a four-arm randomized trial on the effectiveness of electroacupuncture
Purpose. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and dose-limiting side effect of cytostatic drugs. Since there are no proven therapeutic procedures against CIPN, we were interested to define the role of electroacupuncture (EA) from which preliminary data showed promising results. Methods. In a randomized trial with a group sequential adaptive design in patients with CIPN, we compared EA (LV3, SP9, GB41, GB34, LI4, LI11, SI3, and HT3; n=14) with hydroelectric baths (HB, n=14), vitamin B1/B6 capsules (300/300 mg daily; VitB, n=15), and placebo capsules (n=17). The statistical power in this trial was primarily calculated for proving EA only, so results of HB and VitB are pilot data. Results. CIPN complaints improved by 0.8 +- 1.2 (EA), 1.7 +- 1.7 (HB), 1.6 +- 2.0 (VitB), and 1.3 +- 1.3 points (placebo) on a 10-point numeric rating scale without significant difference between treatment groups or placebo. In addition no significant differences in sensory nerve conduction studies or quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30) were found. Conclusions. The used EA concept, HB, and VitB were not superior to placebo. Since, contrary to our results, studies with different acupuncture concepts showed a positive effect on CIPN, the effect of acupuncture on CIPN remains unclear. Further randomized, placebo controlled studies seem necessary. This trial is registered with DRKS00004448
The Cubic Fixed Point at Large
By considering the renormalization group flow between coupled Ising
models in the UV and the cubic fixed point in the IR, we study the large
behavior of the cubic fixed points in three dimensions. We derive a
diagrammatic expansion for the corrections to correlation functions.
Leading large corrections to conformal dimensions at the cubic fixed point
are then evaluated using numeric conformal bootstrap data for the 3d Ising
model.Comment: 34 pages, v2 minor typos fixe
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